All states in
Wednesday, October 1, 2008
All states in India do have identical powers?
India a federal country
Union list includes subject which are important to nation such as defense, foreign affairs, banking, communication and currency. The union government is responsible for laws regarding this.
State list includes subjects which are important to state and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The state government can only implement laws regarding local affairs.
Concurrent list includes subjects of both union and state government such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession. If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the union government will prevail in such circumstances.
Right To Expect Democracy To Form Government
Open public debate and legislation and citizen right to information about the government and its functioning.
“Democratic government does not have a very best record when it comes to sharing information with citizens and people”
All of them can say this is not true but non-democratic regime in these respects.
Advantage of democracy over non democracy
Non-democratic rules do not have to bother about deliberation in assemblies or worry about majorities and public notions.
So, they can be very quick and efficient in decision making and implementation. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation.
Democracy ensures decision making will be based on norms and procedures. So when citizen want to know the correct procedure. He/she could examine what is actually happening in the government. This is major advantage of democracy over non-democracy.
IMPORTANT CHALLENGES FACED BY DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
Foundation is the big challenge in non democratic countries to install democracy the existing kings may not allow the people to form to democratic government.
For example
In
Influencing the democratic power; this is the next challenge for the instillation of democratic power. Many countries face this problem why not even
Cataract operation
The causes for cataract formation are not fully known. It is basically an aging phenomenon. Next to old age are other factors like deficiency of food like proteins and vitamins, some toxic drugs, general diseases like deficiency of food like proteins and vitamins. To delay the onset of cataract one should take nourishing diet rich in proteins and vitamins. Food such as liver, eggs, milk products, carrots, cabbages and yeast are good. One must protect eyes from excessive exposure to sunrays, x rays, intense heat and injuries. Diseases such as diabetes and syphilis should be treated early and effectively.
There is no medical treatment for cataract. The only treatment is surgery. Once the cataract is removed, the eye is unable to focus, as there is no lens. So, one has to use an artificial lens. This can either be a pair of spectacles, contact lens or an intraocular lens. Spectacles can be used as they are cheap and within the reach of the common man. But these are very heavy and not comfortable. Further, if one removes them the person is blind. Other disadvantages are that everything is magnified and the side view is very poor.
Cataract is opacity in the lens of the eye. The normal lens allows light to reach the retina. When it becomes opaque and does not allow light to reach the retina. We are unable to see clearly. Today modern medical advances have made cataract surgery very successful. New surgical techniques and intraocular lenses can restore excellent vision in 97% of all cases. In the 1960s, dr. charles kelman from the
The second alternative is to use contact lens. This is an artificial lens placed on the eye. Unlike spectacles they o not leave any lasting marks nor does he wearer have the stigma of spectacles attached to his personality. Besides, they can be used according to the convenience of the person. The disadvantage, as with spectacles, is that when it is removed the person is blind. Another problem is that they have to be put on in the morning and removed at night, which is difficult for an old person. So, the best method is to give the patient an intraocular lens. This is an artificial lens in the eye during surgery. It will remain in place till end of life. This lens does not irritate the eyes.
Today, cataract surgery is an out patient procedure. The patient comes in the morning for surgery and after the operation can go home. The surgery is done without any injection, without any pad and without any stitch being placed in the eye. This is called the no injection, no pad, and no stitch cataract surgical technique. The patients are not at all admitted in the hospital and can go back to work the next day. Besides, complications like infection and haemorrhage are very rare. But if the retina or nerve of the eye is damaged, then even after cataract operation the person will not be able to see.
Summary of The frog and the nightingale by vikram seth
Short sweet summary
Frog in bingle bog
Once upon a time a frog croaked in bingle bog every night. His voice was very and unpleasant. He croaked in a loud noise continuously throughout the night.
A nightingale comes there and sings
One night in the clod moonlight, a nightingale came there. She perched on the sumac tree and began to sing melodiously. All the creatures in the bog cheered and clapped her song, ducks swam to listed to her. Toads herons teals and toddlers also reached there to listed to
Her song when she ended. They all clapped.
Frog meets her
Next night the frog went to the nightingale and haughtily introduced himself as the owner of the tree. He also said that he had long been known for his splendid baritone.
Nightingale praises him
The nightingale felt flattered that such a great critic of art had discussed her art of singing. The frog, however added that she would merely remain a beginner without his proper training herself.
Training starts
Fired by art and adulation she sang so sweetly that animals from miles flocked there.
Sweetly those animals from miles flocked there. Soon she became famous. Among the birds were many titled ones. Owl of sandwich, duck of
Conclusion
The frog called her stupid and said that she was prone to influence. He told that he had tried to teach her. But she was a stupid creature. She was nervous and tense also. He also added that she should have known that her song must be one’s own like that of his. And he was, again, the undisputed king of bog. He sang confidently in the bingle bog.
history of paper.
It is a matter of history that the systematic colonisation of these islands was first proposed by a private association, formed in 1826, under the title of “The New Zealand Company,” and that it proceeded so far in the practical initiation of its project as to purchase lands for settlement at Hokianga and the Thames. But notwithstanding the influential position of a large number of its members it was prevented by adverse circumstances, easily understood at the time by those who were acquainted with the then condition of the native population and with the history of the missionary settlements established in the north, from carrying its objects into effect, and it was consequently dissolved. Its project was afterwards taken up by a body of persons of high position in the social and political world, under the title of “The New Zealand Association,” which, before attempting any active colonising operations, applied itself diligently in directing the public mind in England to an appreciation of the advantages offered by these islands as a field for emigration, its aim being to induce the Legislature to apply to them a system of colonization similar to that which had recently been successfully applied to South Australia under the auspices of “The South Australian Colonisation Society,” in the formation and active labours of which Mr. Edward Gibbon Wakefield had taken a prominent part, as, indeed, he was then doing in connection with the New Zealand Association. It was not, however, until the first year of Her Majesty's reign that the British Government were approached upon the subject by the promoters of the movement; but ultimately, in 1837, after protracted negotiations, it was induced to offer to incorporate the association by royal charter, authorising it to carry out the colonisation of the islands upon the indicated lines, but it insisted, as a condition precedent, that the members of the association should be converted into an ordinary joint-stock company with capital sufficient to insure the success of its project, in which case the Government expressed its willingness to confide to it the settlement and government of the projected colony for a short term of years. This offer, however, was clogged with conditions so completely at variance with the main objects of the association that it was compelled to refuse it, and, no hope being held out of any modification of the obnoxious conditions, the negotiations came to an end.
Human qualities in the insect world
The communities of ants are sometimes very large, numbering even up to 500 individuals. And it is a lesson to us that no one has ever yet seen a quarrel between any two ants belonging t the same community. On the other hand it must be admitted that they are in hostility not only with most other insects including ants of different species, but even with those of the same species if belonging to different communities. It is evident therefore; that the ants of each community all recognized one another and were perfectly friendly, while them at once attacked ants from a different nest, although of the same species.
It has been suggested that the ants of each nest have some sign of password by which they recognize one another. To test this they made some of them insensible, first they tried chloroform, but this was fatal to them, and they did not consider the test satisfactory. They decided therefore to intoxicate them. This was less than easy than they had expected. None of there ants would voluntarily degrade themselves by getting drunk. However, they got over the difficult by putting them into whisky for a few moments. They took fifty specimens twenty five from one nest and twenty five from another, made them dead drunk, marked each with a spot of paint, and put them on a table close to where other ants from one of the nests were feeding. The table was surrounded as usual with a moat of water to prevent them from straying. The ants, which were feeding, soon noticed those, which they made drunk. They seemed quite astonished to find their comrades in such a disgraceful condition and were as much at al loss to know what to do with them as we were. After a while, however they carried them all away; they took the strangers to the edge of the moat and dropped them into the water, while they bore their friends home into the nest, where by degrees they slept off the effects of the spirits. Thus, it is evident that they know their friends even when it is incapable of giving any sign or password.
The Development of Print Technology
One thing to remember is that Gutenberg gets credit for an invention that is thought to have been developed simultaneously in Holland and in Prague.
The other inventions brought together by Gutenberg in his pursuit of a printing press were:
- The adaptation for printing, of the wine or olive oil, screw-type press that had been in use for hundreds of years, throughout Europe and Asia.
- The adaptation of block-print technology - known in Europe since the return of Marco Polo from Asia at the end of the 13th century.
- The development of mass production paper-making techniques. Paper was brought from China to Italy in the 12th C. but was thought too flimsy for books.
Prior to the advent of the printing press, books were made of vellum (calf or lamb skin) because of its durability. Vellum is extremely durable. In San Simeon (also known as Hearst's Castle), there are lampshades that William Randolph Hearst had made from 15th century Gregorian prayer books and the vellum is still in excellent condition. For books that took more than a year to produce, paper was too flimsy.
However, for print books, vellum was too costly to produce.
- The development of oil-based inks. These had been around since the 10th century, but smeared on the vellum used to make books. The religious manuscripts used an egg-based tempera. This was unsuitable for printing with type.
- Gutenberg's contribution to printing was the development of a a punch and mold system which allowed the mass production of the movable type used to reproduce a page of text. These letters would be put together in a type tray which was then used to print a page of text. If a letter broke down, it could be replaced. When the printing of the copies of one page was finished, the type could be reused for the next page or the next book.
But the advent of the printing press did not bring about a great shift in the social organization of learning in Europe.
The first books to show up in print shops were bibles and religious tracts. The next books to attract publishers were the "humanist" texts brought back from Byzantium by the Crusades, and other texts of antiquity but there was little or no printing of new ideas.
Many people went into the printing business and went right back out again. The reason was that the distribution of books was poorly organized. The market was there, and the potential for filling the demand, but the transport and control and "advertising" mechanisms were not in place.
In addition, there was still a low literacy rate in Europe. Most people did not know how to read at all. But non-literates were still affected by the book trade because the elites, who controlled society, were affected by books. And people who could not read still had access to book culture because there were traveling raconteurs who stood in the market and read from books as a means of making a living as entertainers.
The situation was improved by the introduction of the Frankfort Book Faire. Cities in Europe held yearly fairs, featuring whatever kinds of things the city and surrounding area was good at producing. (The county fair of today is the descendant of these early commerce fairs).
Frankfort was an early center for printing and so it sponsored a book fair which drew publishers, booksellers, collectors, scholars, who could find what they needed for their livelihoods. This helped coordinate supply and demand.
The fair also produced a catalog of all the works shown at the fair - an early Books in Print.
None of this is to say that new book printing posed much of a challenge to the power and prestige of the church.
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Trade union banners
Red is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the human eye in the wavelength range of roughly – nm. Longer wavelengths than this are called infrared or below red and cannot be seen by human eyes. Red lasers used in early compact disc technologies are being replaced by blue lasers as reds long wavelength causes the lasers recordings to take up more space on the disc than blue lasers. Red light is used to preserve night vision in lowlight or nighttime situations as the rod cells in the human eye arent sensitive to red. Red is used as one of the additive primary colors of light complementary to cyan in RGB color systems. Red is also one of the subtractive primary colors of RYB color space but not CMYK color space.One common use of red as an additive primary color is in the RGB color model. Because red is not by itself standardized color mixtures based on red are not exact specifications of color either. In order to produce exact colors the color red needs to be defined in terms of an absolute color space such as sRGB. As used in computer monitors and television screens red is very variable but some systems may apply color correction so that a standardized red is produced that is not in fact full intensity of only the red colorant.
Prophetic banners
Wesley insisted that in this life the Christian could come to a state where the love of God or perfect love reigned supreme in ones heart. His evangelical theology especially his understanding of Christian perfection was firmly grounded in his sacramental theology. He continually insisted on the general use of the means of grace prayer Scripture meditation Holy Communion etc. as the means by which God transformed the believer. Throughout his life Wesley remained within the Church of England and insisted that his movement was well within the bounds of the Anglican Church. His maverick use of church policy put him at odds with many within the Church of England though toward the end of his life he was widely respected.married Susanna Annesley twentyfourth child of Dr. Samuel Annesley. Both Samuel and Susanna had been raised in Dissenting homes before becoming members of the Established Church early in adulthood. Susanna herself became a mother of nineteen children. In Samuel Wesley was appointed rector of Epworth where John the fifteenth child was born.At the age of five John was rescued from the burning rectory. This escape made a deep impression on his mind and he regarded himself as providentially set apart as a brand plucked from the burning.The Wesley childrens early education was given by their parents in the Epworth rectory. Each child including the girls was taught to read as soon as they could walk and talk. In John was admitted to the Charterhouse School London where he lived the studious methodical and for a while religious life in which he had been trained at home.During his early years John Wesley had enjoyed a deep religious experience. His biographer Tyerman says that he went to Charterhouse a saint but he became negligent of his religious duties and left a sinner.
Church banners
Banners in churches have in the past been used mainly for processions inside or outside of the church building. However the emphasis has in recent years shifted markedly towards the permanent or transient display of banners on walls or pillars of churches and other places of worship. A famous example of large banners on display is Liverpool R.C. Cathedral where the banners are designed by a resident artist.For more on the design and making of church banners see the article on Bannermaking.For banners used in the Eastern Orthodox Church see Khorugv.Design usually considered in the context of applied arts engineering architecture and other creative endeavors is used both as a noun and a verb. As a verb to design refers to the process of originating and developing a plan for a product structure system or component. As a noun a design is used for either the final solution plan e.g. proposal drawing model description or the result of implementing that plan e.g. object produced result of the process. More recently processes in general have also been treated as products of design giving new meaning to the term process design.Designing normally requires a designer to consider the aesthetic functional and many other aspects of an object or a process which usually requires considerable research thought modeling interactive adjustment and redesign.There is no universal language or unifying institution for designers of all disciplines. Raised levels of achievement often lead to raised expectations. In structuration theory design is both medium and outcome generating a Janus like face with every ending marking a new beginning.There are countless philosophies for guiding design as the design values and its accompanying aspects within modern design vary both between different schools of thought and among practicing designers. Design philosophies are usually for determining design goals. A design goal may range from solving the least significant individual problem of the smallest element to the most holistic influential utopian goals. Design goals are usually for guiding design. However conflicts over immediate and minor goals may lead to questioning the purpose of design perhaps to set better long term or ultimate goals.
A design philosophy is a guide to help make choices when designing such as ergonomics costs economics functionality and methods of redesign. An example of a design philosophy is “dynamic change” to achieve the elegant or stylish look you need.A design approach is a general philosophy that may or may not include a guide for specific methods. Some are to guide the overall goal of the design. Other approaches are to guide the tendencies of the designer. A combination of approaches may be used if they dont conflict.In philosophy the abstract noun design refers to a pattern with a purpose. Design is thus contrasted with purposelessness randomness or lack of complexity.To study the purpose of designs beyond individual goals e.g. marketing technology education entertainment hobbies is to question the controversial politics morals ethics and needs such as Maslows hierarchy of needs. Purpose may also lead to existential questions such as religious morals and teleology. These philosophies for the purpose of designs are in contrast to philosophies for guiding design or methodology.Often a designer especially in commercial situations is not in a position to define purpose. Whether a designer is is not or should be concerned with purpose or intended use beyond what they are expressly hired to influence is debatable depending on the situation. Not understanding or disinterest in the wider role of design in society might also be attributed to the commissioning agent or client rather than the designer.
Church banners
The Septuagint used to translate into Greek the Hebrew word meaning a congregation assembly company or other organized body BrownDriverBriggs Hebrew Definitions. Most Christian theologians do not regard the uses in the Hebrew Scriptures of this word as referring to the Church specifically in context they refer to a specific gathering for a particular circumstance though many of them consider the Jewish people as The People of God a community that understood itself to be defined by a unique covenant with God to be a foreshadowing a prototype or a sort of living prophecy of what would one day be the Christian Church.The Greek word is used in its generic sense in Acts once of a regular lawful assembly of the people verse and twice verses and of a riotous coming together of the townsfolk.Doctrine Latin doctrina is a code of beliefs or a body of teachings or instructions taught principles or positions as the body of teachings in a branch of knowledge or belief system. The Greek analogy is the etymology of catechism.Often doctrine specifically connotes a corpus of religious dogma as it is promulgated by a church but not necessarily doctrine is also used to refer to a principle of law in the common law traditions established through a history of past decisions such as the doctrine of selfdefense or the principle of fair use or the more narrowly applicable firstsale doctrine.
Trade union banners
There are special museums which restore preserve and exhibit trade union banners e.g. the Pump House Peoples History Museum in Manchester and Beamish Museum in the North East.
Chesham is a market town in the Chiltern Hills Buckinghamshire England. It is the fourth largest town in the county of Buckinghamshire with a population of some people behind High Wycombe with and Aylesbury with . It is situated in the picturesque Chess Valley and surrounded by farmland as well as being bordered on one side by Amersham and Chesham Bois. Despite once having a thriving set of industries including beer brushes boots and watercress these have declined with only the brush factory remaining and the town has become a largely commuter town.The first recorded reference to Chesham or Cestreham was in the will of Lady Elgiva an AngloSaxon Queen. There is archaeological evidence of a Roman villa downstream at Latimer and the planting of grapevines near the Balks.Chesham is mentioned in AD as Cæstæleshamm which is AngloSaxon for the rivermeadow at the pile of stones. Contrary to popular belief the town is not named after the river rather the river is named after the town.Chesham formed an urban district under the Local Government Act and continued as such until the Local Government Act came into effect on April . Chesham became a civil parish with a town council within the Chiltern district.Chesham has appeared in some popular television series including Inspector Morse and Midsomer Murders.
Bannermaking
In the first half of the th century over a million GermanCanadians made the language one of Canadas most spoken after French.In Mexico there are also large populations of German ancestry mainly in the cities of Mexico City Puebla Mazatlán Tapachula and larger populations scattered in the states of Chihuahua Durango and Zacatecas. German ancestry is also said to be found in neighboring towns around Guadalajara Jalisco and much of Northern Mexico where German influence was immersed into the Mexican culture.PlautdietschPlattdeitsch is a large minority language spoken in the north by the Mennonite communities and is spoken by more than people in Mexico while standard German is spoken by the affluent German communities in Puebla Mexico City Nuevo Leon San Luis Potosi and Quintana Roo.Embroidery is the art or handicraft of decorating fabric or other materials with designs stitched in strands of thread or yarn using a needle. Embroidery may also use other materials such as metal strips pearls beads quills and sequins. Sewing machines can be used to create machine embroidery.Embroidery is classified according to the use of the underlying foundation fabric. One classification system divides embroidery styles according to the relationship of stitch placement to the fabricAn important distinction between canvas work and surface embroidery is that surface work requires the use of an embroidery hoop or frame to stretch the material and ensure even stitching tension that prevents pattern distortion. Canvas work tends to follow very symmetrical counted stitching patterns with designs developing from repetition of one or only a few similar stitches in a variety of thread hues. Most forms of surface embroidery by contrast are distinguished by a wide range of different stitching patterns used in a single piece of work.
Tuesday, September 30, 2008
Banner
A banner is a flag or other piece of cloth bearing a symbol logo slogan or other message. Bannermaking is an ancient craft.The word derives from late Latin bandum a cloth out of which a flag is made Latin banderia Italian bandiera. German developed the word to mean an official edict or proclamation and since such written orders often prohibited some form of human activity bandum assumed the meaning of a ban control interdict or excommunication. Banns has the same origin meaning an official proclamation and abandon means to change loyalty or disobey orders semantically to leave the cloth or flag.German is spoken primarily in Germany Austria and Switzerland together with Liechtenstein Luxembourg DACHLiLux constituting the countries where German is the majority language.Other European Germanspeaking communities are found in Italy Alto AdigeSüdtirol in the East Cantons of Belgium and in some border villages of the former South Jutland County in German Nordschleswig in Danish Sønderjylland of Denmark.Some Germanspeaking communities still survive in parts of Romania the Czech Republic Poland Hungary and above all Russia and Kazakhstan although forced expulsions after World War II and massive emigration to Germany in the s and s have depopulated most of these communities. It is also spoken by Germanspeaking foreign populations and some of their descendants in Portugal Spain Italy Morocco Egypt Israel Cyprus Turkey Greece United Kingdom Netherlands Scandinavia Siberia in Russia Hungary Romania Bulgaria and the former Yugoslavia Bosnia Serbia Macedonia Croatia and Slovenia.In Luxembourg and the surrounding areas big parts of the native population speak German dialects and some people also master standard German especially in Luxembourg although in the French regions of Alsace German Elsass and Lorraine German Lothringen French has replaced the local German dialects as the official language even though it has not been fully replaced on the street.