Beemp3

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All states in India do have identical powers?

All states in India do not have identical powers. Jammu and Kashmir has its own constitution many rules of Indian constitution are not applicable to this state. Indians who have not born here cannot buy land or house here. Some units enjoy very little power. They are too small so that they cannot be joined with any state or form with separate state. These are the areas like chandigarh or lakshadweep, the capital city of new Delhi are called union territories. The central government has special powers to run these kinds of states. It is not easy to make power sharing arrangements of their own will. The parliament cannot on its own change this arrangement. Any change to it has to be first passed by both the houses of parliament with at least two-third of majority. Then it has to be checked by legislature of at least half of the total states. the judiciary plays an important role in overseeing the implementation of constitutional provisions and procedures.

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India a federal country

Union list includes subject which are important to nation such as defense, foreign affairs, banking, communication and currency. The union government is responsible for laws regarding this.

State list includes subjects which are important to state and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The state government can only implement laws regarding local affairs.

Concurrent list includes subjects of both union and state government such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession. If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the union government will prevail in such circumstances. 

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Right To Expect Democracy To Form Government

Open public debate and legislation and citizen right to information about the government and its functioning.  

“Democratic government does not have a very best record when it comes to sharing information with citizens and people”

All of them can say this is not true but non-democratic regime in these respects.

Advantage of democracy over non democracy

Non-democratic rules do not have to bother about deliberation in assemblies or worry about majorities and public notions.

So, they can be very quick and efficient in decision making and implementation. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation.

Democracy ensures decision making will be based on norms and procedures. So when citizen want to know the correct procedure. He/she could examine what is actually happening in the government. This is major advantage of democracy over non-democracy.

 

IMPORTANT CHALLENGES FACED BY DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT

Foundation is the big challenge in non democratic countries to install democracy the existing kings may not allow the people to form to democratic government.

For example

In Nepal April 2006 king birendra who accepted the conversion of government to democratic. But he was killed mysteriously king gyanendra the new king did not allow the transition seven party alliance and major parties of Nepal came to city of kathmandu. The number of protests reached around 3-5 lakes on 24 April girija prasath koirala was chose as the prime minister. And Nepal became democratic.

 

Influencing the democratic power; this is the next challenge for the instillation of democratic power. Many countries face this problem why not even India

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Cataract operation

The causes for cataract formation are not fully known. It is basically an aging phenomenon. Next to old age are other factors like deficiency of food like proteins and vitamins, some toxic drugs, general diseases like deficiency of food like proteins and vitamins. To delay the onset of cataract one should take nourishing diet rich in proteins and vitamins. Food such as liver, eggs, milk products, carrots, cabbages and yeast are good. One must protect eyes from excessive exposure to sunrays, x rays, intense heat and injuries. Diseases such as diabetes and syphilis should be treated early and effectively.

There is no medical treatment for cataract. The only treatment is surgery. Once the cataract is removed, the eye is unable to focus, as there is no lens. So, one has to use an artificial lens. This can either be a pair of spectacles, contact lens or an intraocular lens. Spectacles can be used as they are cheap and within the reach of the common man. But these are very heavy and not comfortable. Further, if one removes them the person is blind. Other disadvantages are that everything is magnified and the side view is very poor.

Cataract is opacity in the lens of the eye. The normal lens allows light to reach the retina. When it becomes opaque and does not allow light to reach the retina. We are unable to see clearly. Today modern medical advances have made cataract surgery very successful. New surgical techniques and intraocular lenses can restore excellent vision in 97% of all cases. In the 1960s, dr. charles kelman from the united states started a technique called phacoemulsification in which cataract was removed through minute incision. Then in 1998, dr. amar agarwal from India started a technique called phakonit in which cataracts were removed through a 3mm opening. In 2001, a special lens was made which went through a small opening of one to 1.5mm. This was called the roll able intraocular lens. 

The second alternative is to use contact lens. This is an artificial lens placed on the eye. Unlike spectacles they o not leave any lasting marks nor does he wearer have the stigma of spectacles attached to his personality. Besides, they can be used according to the convenience of the person. The disadvantage, as with spectacles, is that when it is removed the person is blind. Another problem is that they have to be put on in the morning and removed at night, which is difficult for an old person. So, the best method is to give the patient an intraocular lens. This is an artificial lens in the eye during surgery. It will remain in place till end of life. This lens does not irritate the eyes.

Today, cataract surgery is an out patient procedure. The patient comes in the morning for surgery and after the operation can go home. The surgery is done without any injection, without any pad and without any stitch being placed in the eye. This is called the no injection, no pad, and no stitch cataract surgical technique. The patients are not at all admitted in the hospital and can go back to work the next day. Besides, complications like infection and haemorrhage are very rare. But if the retina or nerve of the eye is damaged, then even after cataract operation the person will not be able to see. 

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Summary of The frog and the nightingale by vikram seth

Short sweet summary   

Frog in bingle bog

Once upon a time a frog croaked in bingle bog every night. His voice was very and unpleasant. He croaked in a loud noise continuously throughout the night.

A nightingale comes there and sings

One night in the clod moonlight, a nightingale came there. She perched on the sumac tree and began to sing melodiously. All the creatures in the bog cheered and clapped her song, ducks swam to listed to her. Toads herons teals and toddlers also reached there to listed to

Her song when she ended. They all clapped.

 

Frog meets her

Next night the frog went to the nightingale and haughtily introduced himself as the owner of the tree. He also said that he had long been known for his splendid baritone.

 

Nightingale praises him

The nightingale felt flattered that such a great critic of art had discussed her art of singing. The frog, however added that she would merely remain a beginner without his proper training herself.

 

Training starts

Fired by art and adulation she sang so sweetly that animals from miles flocked there.

Sweetly those animals from miles flocked there. Soon she became famous. Among the birds were many titled ones. Owl of sandwich, duck of India began to listen.

 

Conclusion

The frog called her stupid and said that she was prone to influence. He told that he had tried to teach her. But she was a stupid creature. She was nervous and tense also. He also added that she should have known that her song must be one’s own like that of his. And he was, again, the undisputed king of bog. He sang confidently in the bingle bog.

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history of paper.

       It is a matter of history that the systematic colonisation of these islands was first proposed by a private association, formed in 1826, under the title of “The New Zealand Company,” and that it proceeded so far in the practical initiation of its project as to purchase lands for settlement at Hokianga and the Thames. But notwithstanding the influential position of a large number of its members it was prevented by adverse circumstances, easily understood at the time by those who were acquainted with the then condition of the native population and with the history of the missionary settlements established in the north, from carrying its objects into effect, and it was consequently dissolved. Its project was afterwards taken up by a body of persons of high position in the social and political world, under the title of “The New Zealand Association,” which, before attempting any active colonising operations, applied itself diligently in directing the public mind in England to an appreciation of the advantages offered by these islands as a field for emigration, its aim being to induce the Legislature to apply to them a system of colonization similar to that which had recently been successfully applied to South Australia under the auspices of “The South Australian Colonisation Society,” in the formation and active labours of which Mr. Edward Gibbon Wakefield had taken a prominent part, as, indeed, he was then doing in connection with the New Zealand Association. It was not, however, until the first year of Her Majesty's reign that the British Government were approached upon the subject by the promoters of the movement; but ultimately, in 1837, after protracted negotiations, it was induced to offer to incorporate the association by royal charter, authorising it to carry out the colonisation of the islands upon the indicated lines, but it insisted, as a condition precedent, that the members of the association should be converted into an ordinary joint-stock company with capital sufficient to insure the success of its project, in which case the Government expressed its willingness to confide to it the settlement and government of the projected colony for a short term of years. This offer, however, was clogged with conditions so completely at variance with the main objects of the association that it was compelled to refuse it, and, no hope being held out of any modification of the obnoxious conditions, the negotiations came to an end.

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Human qualities in the insect world

The communities of ants are sometimes very large, numbering even up to 500 individuals. And it is a lesson to us that no one has ever yet seen a quarrel between any two ants belonging t the same community. On the other hand it must be admitted that they are in hostility not only with most other insects including ants of different species, but even with those of the same species if belonging to different communities. It is evident therefore; that the ants of each community all recognized one another and were perfectly friendly, while them at once attacked ants from a different nest, although of the same species.

It has been suggested that the ants of each nest have some sign of password by which they recognize one another. To test this they made some of them insensible, first they tried chloroform, but this was fatal to them, and they did not consider the test satisfactory. They decided therefore to intoxicate them. This was less than easy than they had expected. None of there ants would voluntarily degrade themselves by getting drunk. However, they got over the difficult by putting them into whisky for a few moments. They took fifty specimens twenty five from one nest and twenty five from another, made them dead drunk, marked each with a spot of paint, and put them on a table close to where other ants from one of the nests were feeding. The table was surrounded as usual with a moat of water to prevent them from straying. The ants, which were feeding, soon noticed those, which they made drunk. They seemed quite astonished to find their comrades in such a disgraceful condition and were as much at al loss to know what to do with them as we were. After a while, however they carried them all away; they took the strangers to the edge of the moat and dropped them into the water, while they bore their friends home into the nest, where by degrees they slept off the effects of the spirits. Thus, it is evident that they know their friends even when it is incapable of giving any sign or password.

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The Development of Print Technology

In the Mid-15th Century, things begin to change with the advent of the printing press. In 1452, Gutenberg conceives of the idea for movable type. In his workshop, he brings together the technologies of paper, oil-based ink and the wine-press to print books. The printing press is not a single invention. It is the aggregation in one place, of technologies known for centuries before Gutenberg.

One thing to remember is that Gutenberg gets credit for an invention that is thought to have been developed simultaneously in Holland and in Prague.

The other inventions brought together by Gutenberg in his pursuit of a printing press were:

• The adaptation for printing, of the wine or olive oil, screw-type press that had been in use for hundreds of years, throughout Europe and Asia.
• The adaptation of block-print technology - known in Europe since the return of Marco Polo from Asia at the end of the 13th century.
• The development of mass production paper-making techniques. Paper was brought from China to Italy in the 12th C. but was thought too flimsy for books.

  Prior to the advent of the printing press, books were made of vellum (calf or lamb skin) because of its durability. Vellum is extremely durable. In San Simeon (also known as Hearst's Castle), there are lampshades that William Randolph Hearst had made from 15th century Gregorian prayer books and the vellum is still in excellent condition. For books that took more than a year to produce, paper was too flimsy.

  However, for print books, vellum was too costly to produce.

• The development of oil-based inks. These had been around since the 10th century, but smeared on the vellum used to make books. The religious manuscripts used an egg-based tempera. This was unsuitable for printing with type.
• Gutenberg's contribution to printing was the development of a a punch and mold system which allowed the mass production of the movable type used to reproduce a page of text. These letters would be put together in a type tray which was then used to print a page of text. If a letter broke down, it could be replaced. When the printing of the copies of one page was finished, the type could be reused for the next page or the next book.

These technological improvements stretch across five centuries. They do not cluster around Gutenberg's time.

But the advent of the printing press did not bring about a great shift in the social organization of learning in Europe.

The first books to show up in print shops were bibles and religious tracts. The next books to attract publishers were the "humanist" texts brought back from Byzantium by the Crusades, and other texts of antiquity but there was little or no printing of new ideas.

Many people went into the printing business and went right back out again. The reason was that the distribution of books was poorly organized. The market was there, and the potential for filling the demand, but the transport and control and "advertising" mechanisms were not in place.

In addition, there was still a low literacy rate in Europe. Most people did not know how to read at all. But non-literates were still affected by the book trade because the elites, who controlled society, were affected by books. And people who could not read still had access to book culture because there were traveling raconteurs who stood in the market and read from books as a means of making a living as entertainers.

The situation was improved by the introduction of the Frankfort Book Faire. Cities in Europe held yearly fairs, featuring whatever kinds of things the city and surrounding area was good at producing. (The county fair of today is the descendant of these early commerce fairs).

Frankfort was an early center for printing and so it sponsored a book fair which drew publishers, booksellers, collectors, scholars, who could find what they needed for their livelihoods. This helped coordinate supply and demand.

The fair also produced a catalog of all the works shown at the fair - an early Books in Print.

None of this is to say that new book printing posed much of a challenge to the power and prestige of the church.

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GET LATEST HORNS FOR YOUR VEHICLE

Car horns are the essential part of every vehicle, whether it is car, truck, jeep, bike or any other motor vehicle. Well, if you are bored of your traditional car horn, check out some latest car horns along with the latest safely gizmos and gadgets such as emergency lights, siren and beacon for your car from www.wolohornsusa.com. With Wolo horns products, you can deck up your car and provide some of the best safety equipments.

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For Xtreme air and electric horns, you can choose from a colorful range of horns that come with sporty look and chic colors. These horns are known for high decibel rate that will make people turning heads wherever you go! All these horns come with free shipping facility across the USA. So, get the latest for your car today!

Car horns are the essential part of every vehicle, whether it is car, truck, jeep, bike or any other motor vehicle. Wolo horns ensure the best quality accessories that are tried and tested for their use. For more information about car horns, siren, horns, air horns, visit: www.wolohornsusa.com

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Trade union banners

In Britain trade union banners have been made since the s and at May Day parades they could be counted in the hundreds. The iconography of these banners included mines mills factories but also visions of the future showing a land where children and adults were wellfed and living in tidy brickbuilt houses where the old and sick were cared for where the burden of work was lessened by new technology and where leisure time was increasing. The same kind of banners are also used in many other countries. Many but not all of them have red as a dominant colour.For more on the design and making of these banners see Bannermaking. Red is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the human eye in the wavelength range of roughly – nm. Longer wavelengths than this are called infrared or below red and cannot be seen by the naked human eye. Red is used as one of the additive primary colors of light complementary to cyan in RGB color systems. Red is also one of the subtractive primary colors of RYB color space but not CMYK color space.In human color psychology red is associated with heat energy and blood and emotions that stir the blood including anger passion and love.The word red comes from the Old English read. Further back the word can be traced to the ProtoGermanic rauthaz and the ProtoIndo European root reudh. This is the only color word which has been traced to an IndoEuropean root. In the English language the word red is associated with blood certain flowers i.e. roses and ripe fruits i.e. apples cherries. Fire is also strongly connected as is the sun and the sky at sunset. Healthy people are often said to have a redness as opposed to appearing pale. After the rise of socialism in the midth century red was to describe revolutionary movements. The word is also obviously associated with anything of the color occupying the lower end of the visible light spectrum such as red hair or red soil. Red Indians is a British term for Native Americans American terms for this ethnic group include redskin and red man though they are not the preferred terms.

Red is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the human eye in the wavelength range of roughly – nm. Longer wavelengths than this are called infrared or below red and cannot be seen by human eyes. Red lasers used in early compact disc technologies are being replaced by blue lasers as reds long wavelength causes the lasers recordings to take up more space on the disc than blue lasers. Red light is used to preserve night vision in lowlight or nighttime situations as the rod cells in the human eye arent sensitive to red. Red is used as one of the additive primary colors of light complementary to cyan in RGB color systems. Red is also one of the subtractive primary colors of RYB color space but not CMYK color space.One common use of red as an additive primary color is in the RGB color model. Because red is not by itself standardized color mixtures based on red are not exact specifications of color either. In order to produce exact colors the color red needs to be defined in terms of an absolute color space such as sRGB. As used in computer monitors and television screens red is very variable but some systems may apply color correction so that a standardized red is produced that is not in fact full intensity of only the red colorant.

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